Recall your own experience in the class project. To develop a smartphone-to-smartphone voting system, the Android Studio integrated development environment is used. To develop smartphone-to-PC voting system, the MS Windows with Visual Studio IDE is used. So different application development may require different development approaches.

Cross-platform mobile application development is the approach to the development of mobile applications that can be used on multiple mobile platforms.

For cross-platform mobile application development, three different approaches are adopted: Native Application Development (NAD), Web-based Application Development (WAD) and Hybrid Application Development (HAD).